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A haplotype is the specific genetic signature of a person's DNA. A haplogroup is the set of haplotypes sharing a common characteristic. All persons within a specific haplogroup share a common ancestor. The relationship between different haplogroups is slowly being worked out, forming a family tree of mankind as a whole. To date there are 23 primary haplogroups A through R and numerous subgroups. The diagram below is a simplification for clarity, an accepted standard for the complete tree is maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) and found on their page:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree.
A clade is a subgroup within a haplogroup consisting of a progenitor and all his descendants. To simplify by way of analogy, a haplogroup could be a ggggg-grandfather and all his male descendants are the haplotypes. A clade could be defined as any one of his grandsons and all those males descended from that grandson.
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Phylogram showing how R1b Fergus(s)on are distributed amongst the subclades
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